Introduction

William England (1830-1896) was a 19th century British photographer who was widely known for his travel images. He was an early adopter of photography, operating a studio in the late 1840s, less than ten years after the daguerreotype was created by French inventor Louis Daguerre. England’s 1859 trip through the United States, including a visit to the Catskills, and Canada gained widespread praise. His image of Charles Blondin tightrope walking across the Niagara Gorge is among the top selling stereoviews of all time. Although largely forgotten today, William England was considered one of the great photographers of his era.

Continued from Part 6.

Publications

“ . . . it is well known to all those who have the advantage of Mr. England’s friendship, that when he advises a given course, or when he published a process, it is certain to be practical and trustworthy.”

“Another very important practical article in the ALMANAC is from the pen of Mr. England; for how can such a man as this put pen to paper without teaching us something valuable from the stores of his immense practical experience.”

England was widely published in the leading photographic industry magazines of the day, with his articles most frequently highlighting his various technical processes. A few examples of England’s publications are listed below.

• 1862. “On a Method of producing Photographic Transparencies and Instantaneous Negatives.” The Journal of The Photographic Society of London. Vol. 8, No. 120, April 15, 1862. London: Taylor and Francis. pp.24-26.
• 1862. "On a Rapid Dry Process, Printing Transparencies, and Remarks on 'Instantaneous Photography.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 9, No. 164. April 15, 1862. p. 143.
• 1862. “On a Method of Producing Photographic Transparencies and Instantaneous Negatives.” The Photographic Journal. Vol. 8, No. 120. April 15, 1862. pp. 24-26.
• 1862. “The Tannin Process – Transparencies – Instantaneous Photography. The Photographic News. Vol. 6, No. 188. April 11, 1862. London: Thomas Piper, 1862. p. 175.

• 1863. “On a Simple Method of choosing Glass suited for the Operating-room.” The Journal of the Photographic Society of London. Vol. 8, No. 130, February 16, 1863. London: Taylor and Francis. p.222.
• 1863. “Recovery of Gold and Silver from Waste Photographic Materials.” The Photographic News. Vol. 7, No. 245. May 15, 1863. London: Thomas Piper, 1863. p. 234.
• 1863. “A Neat Mode of Washing Sensitive Plates.” The Photographic News. Vol. 7, No. 251. June 26, 1863. London: Thomas Piper, 1863. p. 304.

• 1866. “Recovering the Gold from Old Toning Baths.” The Photographic News. May 4, 1866. London: Thomas Piper, 1866. p. 209.
• 1866. “Hints to Photographic Tourists.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac, for 1866. London: Office of the Photographic News, 1866. pp. 48-50.
• 1866. “The Discussion on the Organic Iron Developer.” The Photographic News. Vol. 10, No. 384. January 12, 1866. London: Thomas Piper, 1866. p. 23.
• 1866. “Recovering Silver from Ashes.” The Photographic News. Vol. 10, No. 429. November 23, 1866. London: Thomas Piper, 1866. p. 563.

• 1867. “Resin in Collodion.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1867. London: Thomas Piper, 1867. pp. 34-35.
• 1867. "On the Preservation, Restoration and Perfection of Negatives.” (Read before the London Photographic Society, January 8, 1867), in: The Philadelphia Photographer. Vol. 4, No. 40. April 1867, pp. 108-110. Also, The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 14, No. 350. January 18, 1867. pp. 24-25.
• 1867. “Collodio-Albumen Process Requiring but One Sensitising Bath.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1867. London: Thomas Piper, 1867. pp. 55-56.
• 1867. “England’s Modified Collodion-Albumen Process.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 14, No. 362. April 12, 1867. London: Henry Greenwood, 1867. p. 167.
• 1867. “A Modification of the Collodio-Albumen Process, Requiring but One Sensitising Bath.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 14. April 18, 1867. London: Henry Greenwood, 1867. p. 181.
• 1867. “Mr. England’s Method of Cleaning and Modifying Intensity of Varnished Negatives.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1867. London: Office of the Photographic News, 1867. p. 64.

• 1869. “Aphorisms for Photographers.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1869. London: Piper and Carter, 1869. p. 15.
• 1869. “Impure Water and Dry Plate Failures.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1869. London: Piper and Carter, 1869. pp. 33-34.
• 1869. “On the Preservation of Negatives.” The Photographic News. Vol. 13, No. 546. February 19, 1869. London: Piper and Carter, 1869. pp. 88-89.
• 1869. “Treatment of the Printing Bath.” The Photographic Journal. June 15, 1869. pp. 65-66.
• 1869. “Mr. England’s Method of Preparing Collodion.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1870. London: Piper and Carter, 1869. pp. 87-88.

• 1870. “Rain-Water for Photography.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1870. London: Piper and Carter, 1870. pp. 30-31.
• 1870. “Note on the Varnishing of Negatives.” The Photographic News. London: Piper and Carter, 1870. January 21, 1870. p. 32.
• 1870. “Which is the Best Dry Process? Mr. England on the Relative Merits of Dry Processes.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 17, No. 523. May 13, 1870. pp. 215-216.
• 1870. “Remarks on the Dry-Plate Process.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 17, No.  524. May 20, 1870. p. 231.
• 1870. “New Method of Treating a Discolored Printing Bath.” Photographic Mosaics. Philadelphia: Benerman & Wilson, 1870. p. 103.

• 1871. “Some Hints on Development.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1871. London: Piper and Carter, 1871. pp. 32-33.
• 1871. “Modified Morphine Process.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1871. London: Piper and Carter, 1871. p. 91.
• 1871. “How to Make a Negative Nitrate Bath.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1871. Liverpool: H. Greenwood, 1871. pp. 81-82.
• 1871. “Developing Dishes.” The Photographic News. Vol. 15, No. 647. January 27, 1871. London: Piper and Carter, 1871. p. 39.
• 1871. “Practical Hints on the Preservation of Negatives.” The Photographic Journal. No. 223. March 21, 1871. pp. 62-66.

• 1872. "Talc as a protection to negatives.” British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer's Daily Companion 1872. p. 52.
• 1872. “A Ready Mode of Drying Albumenized Paper.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1872. London: Piper and Carter, 1872. p. 35.

• 1873. “On Copying Sculpture.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1873. London: Piper and Carter, 1873. pp. 29-30.

• 1875. “Hints and Suggestions.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1875. London: Piper and Carter, 1873. p. 5.

• 1878. “On Dry Plate Processes.” The Photographic News. Vol. 22, No. 1029. May 24, 1878. London: Piper and Carter, 1878. pp. 241-243.

• 1880. “The England Drying Box.” The Photographic News. Vol. 24, No. 1129. April 23, 1880. London: Piper and Carter, 1880. p. 201.
• 1880. “On a Drying-box for Gelatine Plates.” The Photographic Journal. New Series, Vol. 4, No. 6. April 16, 1880. pp. 97-98.
• 1880. “Iodine in Gelatine Emulsion.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 27, No. 1073. November 26, 1880. p. 575.
• 1880. “How to Treat Negatives that are to be Printed Before Varnishing.” The Photographic News. Vol. 24, No. 1129. April 23, 1880. London: Piper and Carter, 1880. p. 100.

• 1881. “On Washing Gelatine Emulsion.” The Photographic News. Vol. 25, No. 1216. December 23, 1881. London: Piper and Carter, 1881. p. 607.
• 1881. “A Simple Method of Enamelling Prints.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1880. London, Ross & Co. pp. 162-163.
• 1881. “The Slow Development of Gelantine Plates.” The Year-Book of Photography, and Photographic News Almanac for 1881. London: Piper and Carter, 1881. pp. 112-113.
• 1881. “Reducing Over-Printed Proofs.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 28, No. 1099. May 27, 1881. London: Henry Greenwood, 1881. p. 264.
• 1881. “Mr. England’s Drying-Box for Gelatine Plates.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1881. London: Ross & Co., 1880. pp. 241-242.

• 1882. “A Transparent Paper for Backing Negatives.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1882. London: Ross & Co., 1882. p. 99.
• 1882. “England’s Method of Reducing Over-Printed Proofs.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1882. London: Ross & Co., 1882. pp. 207-208.
• 1882. “The Breakage of Negatives.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 29, No. 1141. March 17, 1882. London: Henry Greenwood, 1882. pp. 157-158.
• 1882. “Electric Light in the Dark Room.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 29, No. 1143. March 31, 1882. London: Henry Greenwood, 1882. p. 190.
• 1882. “A Knapsack Tent.” The Journal and Transactions of the Photographic Society of Great Britain. New Series, Vol. 6, No. 8. May 19, 1882. pp. 158-161.

• 1883. “The Daguerreotype Process in Practice.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1883.  London: Piper and Carter, 1883. pp. 100-101.
• 1883. “Collodion Emulsion.” The British Journal of Photography. Vol. 30, No. 1206. June 15, 1883. London: Henry Greenwood, 1883. p. 349.

• 1886. “Development.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion for 1886. London: Ross & Co., 1886. pp. 215-216.
• 1886. “England on Development.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1886. pp. 166-167.

• 1887. “A Print-Washing Machine.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1887. London: Piper and Carter, 1887. pp. 103-104.

• 1888. “Photography on Wheels.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1888. London: Piper and Carter, 1888. pp. 93-94.

• 1889. “Cleaning and Copying Daguerreotypes.” The British Journal Photographic Almanac, and Photographer’s Daily Companion 1889. London: Ross & Co., 1889. pp. 573-574.

• 1890. “Mr. William England’s Flash Lamp.” The Year-Book of Photography and Photographic News Almanac for 1890. London: Piper and Carter, 1890. p. 167.